Setting the class path

Synopsis

The class path can be set using either the -classpath option when calling a JDK tool (the preferred method) or by setting the CLASSPATH environment variable. The -classpath option is preferred because you can set it individually for each application without affecting other applications and without other applications modifying its value.

% jdkTool -classpath path1:path2...

-or-

% setenv CLASSPATH path1:path2...

where:

jdkTool

A command-line tool, such as java, javac, or javadoc. For a listing, see JDK Development Tools.

path1:path2

Paths to the .jar, .zip or .class files. Each path should end with a filename or directory depending on what you are setting the class path to:

• For a .jar or .zip file that contains .class files, the path ends with the name of the .zip or .jar file.
• For .class files in an unnamed package, the path ends with the directory that contains the .class files.
• For .class files in a named package, the path ends with the directory that contains the "root" package (the first package in the full package name).

Multiple path entries are separated by colons.

The default class path is the current directory. Setting the CLASSPATH variable or using the -classpath command-line option overrides that default, so if you want to include the current directory in the search path, you must include "." in the new settings.

Classpath entries that are not either a directory or an archive (.zip or .jar file) are ignored.

Description

The class path tells Java tools and applications where to find third-party and user-defined classes -- that is, classes that are not Java extensions or part of the Java platform. The class path needs to find any classes you've compiled with the javac compiler -- its default is the current directory to conveniently enable those classes to be found.

JDK 1.2, the JVM and other JDK tools find classes by searching the Java platform (bootstrap) classes, any extension classes, and the class path, in that order. (For details on the search strategy, see How Classes Are Found.) Class libraries for most applications will want to take advantage of the extensions mechanism. You only need to set the class path when you want to load a class that's (a) not in the current directory or in any of its subdirectories, and (b) not in a location specified by the extensions mechanism.

If you are upgrading from an older version of the JDK, your startup settings may include CLASSPATH settings that are no longer needed. You should remove any settings that are not application-specific, such as classes.zip. Some third-party applications that use the Java Virtual Machine may modify your CLASSPATH environment variable to include the libaries they use. Such settings can remain.

You can change the class path by using the Java tools' -classpath option when you invoke the JVM or other JDK tools or by using the CLASSPATH environment variable. Using the -classpath option is preferred over setting CLASSPATH environment variable because you can set it individually for each application without affecting other applications and without other applications modifying its value.

Classes can be stored either in directories (folders) or in archive files. The Java platform classes are stored in rt.jar. For more details on archives and information on how the class path works, see Understanding the class path and package names near the end of this document.

Important Note: Older versions of the JDK included a <jdk-dir>/classes entry in the default class path. That directory exists for use by the JDK, and should not be used for application classes. Application classes should be placed in a directory outside of the JDK. That way, installing a new JDK does not force you to reinstall application classes. For compatibility with older versions, applications that use the <jdk-dir>/classes directory as a class library will run in the current version, but there is no guarantee that they will run in future versions.

Using the Java tools' -classpath option

The Java tools java, jdb, javac, and javah have a -classpath option which replaces the path or paths specified by the CLASSPATH environment variable while the tool runs. This is the recommended option for changing class path settings, because each application can have the class path it needs without interfering with any other application.

The runtime tools java and jdb have a -cp option, as well. This option is an abbreviation for -classpath.

For very special cases, both java and javac have options that let you change the path they use to find their own class libraries. The vast majority of users will never to need to use those options, however.

Using the CLASSPATH environment variable

In general, you will want to use the -classpath command-line option, as explained in the previous section. This section shows you how to set the CLASSPATH environment variable if you want to do that, or clear settings left over from a previous installation.

Setting CLASSPATH

In csh, the CLASSPATH environment variable is modified with the setenv command. The format is:

setenv CLASSPATH path1:path2

In sh, the CLASSPATH environment variable can be modified with these commands:

CLASSPATH = path1:path2:...
export CLASSPATH

Clearing CLASSPATH

If your CLASSPATH environment variable has been set to a value that is not correct, or if your startup file or script is setting an incorrect path, you can unset CLASSPATH in csh by using:

unsetenv CLASSPATH

In sh, you would use:

unset CLASSPATH

These commands unset CLASSPATH for the current shell only. You should also delete or modify your startup settings to ensure that you have the right CLASSPATH settings in future sessions.

Changing Startup Settings

If the CLASSPATH variable is set at system startup, the place to look for it depends on the shell you are running:

Shell	Startup Script
csh, tcsh	Examine your .cshrc file for the setenv command.
sh, ksh	Examine your .profile file for the export command.

Understanding the class path and package names

Java classes are organized into packages which are mapped to directories in the file system. But, unlike the file system, whenever you specify a package name, you specify the whole package name -- never part of it. For example, the package name for java.awt.Button is always specified as java.awt.

For example, suppose you want the Java runtime to find a class named Cool.class in the package utility.myapp. If the path to that directory is /java/MyClasses/utility/myapp, you would set the class path so that it contains /java/MyClasses.

To run that app, you could use the following JVM command:

% java -classpath /java/MyClasses utility.myapp.Cool

When the app runs, the JVM uses the class path settings to find any other classes defined in the utility.myapp package that are used by the Cool class.

Note that the entire package name is specified in the command. It is not possible, for example, to set the class path so it contains /java/MyClasses/utility and use the command java myapp.Cool. The class would not be found.

(You may be wondering what defines the package name for a class. The answer is that the package name is part of the class and cannot be modified, except by recompiling the class.)

Note: An interesting consequence of the package specification mechanism is that files which are part of the same package may actually exist in different directories. The package name will be the same for each class, but the path to each file may start from a different directory in the class path.

Folders and archive files

When classes are stored in a directory (folder), like /java/MyClasses/utility/myapp, then the class path entry points to the directory that contains the first element of the package name. (in this case, /java/MyClasses, since the package name is utility.myapp.)

But when classes are stored in an archive file (a .zip or .jar file) the class path entry is the path to and including the .zip or .jar file. For example, to use a class library that is in a .jar file, the command would look something like this:

% java -classpath /java/MyClasses/myclasses.jar utility.myapp.Cool

Multiple specifications

To find class files in the directory /java/MyClasses as well as classes in /java/OtherClasses, you would set the class path to:

% java -classpath /java/MyClasses:/java/OtherClasses ...

Note that the two paths are separated by a colon.

Specification order

The order in which you specify multiple class path entries is important. The Java interpreter will look for classes in the directories in the order they appear in the class path variable. In the example above, the Java interpreter will first look for a needed class in the directory /java/MyClasses. Only if it doesn't find a class with the proper name in that directory will the interpreter look in the /java/OtherClasses directory.